![]() Auden (1907-73) publishes The Age of Anxiety. Italian artist Marino Marini (1901-80) creates his sculpture Horseman. ![]() Britain grants Nigeria limited self-government. Britain grants the status of independent dominions to India and Pakistan (east and west) millions die in factional fighting and there are massive population exchanges. secretary of state George Marshall (1880-1959) calls for a plan for European economic recovery. All Algerians are granted French citizenship. engineer Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) designs his geodesic dome. engineers John Bardeen (1908-91), Walter Brattain (1902-87), and William Shockley (1910-89) invent the transistor. Atomic power station opens at Harwell, England. aviator Chuck Yeage breaks the sound barrier in the Bell X1 rocket-powered aircraft. Warsaw and Kraków are liberated by Polish and Soviet troops. War crimes tribunal is set up at Nuremberg. Republic of Austria is established under Karl Renner (1870-1950). Clement Attlee (1883-1967) is elected British prime minister. and Soviet forces meet at the Elbe River Russians under General Georgi Zhukov (1896-1974) take Berlin Adolf Hitler (b.1889) commits suicide Admiral Doenitz (1891-1980) surrenders Germany and Austria are occupied in zones the Potsdam conference agrees stringent controls on postwar Germany. Benito Mussolini (b.1883) is shot dead by Italian resistance fighters the German army in Italy surrenders. Independent republics of Syria and Lebanon are established. Josip Tito (1892-1980) declares the People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Ho Chi Minh (1880-1969) declares the independent republic of Vietnam. occupation forces land and establish a military government. US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan surrenders U.S. British artist Francis Bacon (1909-92) paints Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion. ![]() Truce between nationalists and communists in China breaks down with fighting for control of Manchuria. forces capture the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. At a conference at Yalta in the Crimea, the United States and Britain tacitly agree to Soviet occupation of postwar Europe. Priestley (1894-1984) writes his play An Inspector Calls. British philosopher Karl Popper (1902-94) publishes The Open Society and Its Enemies. British novelist Evelyn Waugh (1903-66) publishes Brideshead Revisited. Italian author Carlo Levi (1902-75) publishes his novel Christ Stopped at Eboli. British writer George Orwell (1903-50) publishes his novel Animal Farm. Founding United Nations conference is held in San Francisco Spain and Portugal are among the countries excluded from membership. engineer Percy Spencer patents the microwave oven. scientists and engineers working at Los Alamos, New Mexico, under Robert Oppenheimer (1904-67) design and test an atomic bomb.
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